Local Anaesthetics Combined with Vasoconstrictors in Controlled Hypertensive Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / Uso de Anestésicos Locales con Vasoconstrictor en Pacientes con Hipertensión Controlada Durante la Atención Odontológica: Una Revisión Sistemática y Metaanálisis

The aim of this systematic review is to assess the safety of local anaesthetics (LA) combined with vasoconstrictors (VC) for patients with controlled hypertension undergoing dental procedures. A comprehensive search strategy were used to identify all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of LA combined with VC. All searches covered the period from 1990 to February 2021. We performed a meta-analysis using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using GRADE approach. Our search strategy yielded 1262 references. Finally, seven randomised trials were included, but only three were included in the meta-analysis. The use of LA with VC may result in little to no difference in the heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), but the certainty of the evidence was assessed as low. Death, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, need for hospitalization, pain and bleeding were not reported by the included studies. The hemodynamic changes using VC do not imply an increased risk of occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events. The use of VC could even be recommendable considering their multiple advantages.

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es evaluar la seguridad del uso de anestésicos locales (AL) combinados con vasoconstrictor (VC) en pacientes con hipertensión controlada durante procedimientos dentales. Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda para identificar todos los estudios clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) relevantes que evaluaban el efecto del AL combinado con VC. Todos los estudios fueron del periodo entre 1990 a febrero del 2021. Se realizó un meta-análisis usando modelos de efecto aleatorizado y una revisión de la certeza de la evidencia usando el método GRADE. Nuestra estrategia de búsqueda arrojó 1262 referencias. Finalmente, siete estudios clínicos aleatorizados fueron incluidos, de los cuales tres fueron incluidos en el meta-análisis. El uso de AL con VC produce una pequeña a ninguna diferencia en el pulso cardiaco, presión sistólica y diastólica, pero la certeza de la evidencia fue baja. Muerte, infarto agudo al miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular, necesidad de hospitalización, dolor y hemorragia no fueron reportados en los estudios incluidos. Los cambios hemodinámicos en el uso de VC no implican un aumento de riesgo de ocurrencia de efectos adversos cardiovasculares. El uso de VC puede ser recomendable considerando sus múltiples ventajas.

Crisis adrenal neonatal secundaria a hipoplasia hipofisaria / Neonatal Adrenal Crisis Secondary to Pituitary Hypoplasia

Introducción: La insuficiencia adrenal hipotálamo hipofisaria usualmente se manifiesta secundaria a tumores y, cuando resulta congénita se asocia, con frecuencia, con otras deficiencias hormonales. La crisis adrenal suele presentarse en su debut y puede resultar potencialmente mortal. Objetivo: Examinar el caso de una paciente con insuficiencia adrenal central que debutó con una crisis adrenal congénita. Presentación del caso: Recién nacida a término, padres no consanguíneos, hospitalizada a los 9 días de vida por clínica de una semana con múltiples episodios eméticos y apnea. Ingresó con deshidratación severa, hipotensa y estuporosa. Además, se encontró acidosis metabólica severa, hipoglucemia persistente, hiponatremia e insuficiencia prerrenal. Ante la no mejoría de su estado hemodinámico, a pesar del uso de cristaloides y vasopresores, finalmente mejoró con la administración de dosis altas de hidrocortisona. El diagnóstico de deficiencia de cortisol de origen central se realizó con un test dinámico de insulina y la resonancia magnética nuclear hipofisaria. Conclusiones: La crisis adrenal se debe tener presente como diagnóstico diferencial en episodios agudos con inestabilidad hemodinámica persistente e hipoglucemia de difícil manejo. Adicionalmente, hay que considerar que existen otras causas menos comunes de insuficiencia adrenal en neonatos como la hipoplasia hipofisaria(AU)

Introduction: Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal insufficiency usually manifests secondary to tumors and, when congenital, is often associated with other hormonal deficiencies. Adrenal crisis usually occurs at its onset and can be life threatening. Objective: To review the case of a patient with central adrenal insufficiency who had an onset with a congenital adrenal crisis. Case presentation: Term newborn, non-consanguineous parents, hospitalized at 9 days of life for a week-long clinical presentation with multiple emetic episodes and apnea. She was admitted with severe dehydration, hypotensive and stuporous. In addition, severe metabolic acidosis, persistent hypoglycemia, hyponatremia and prerenal failure were found. Given the lack of improvement of her hemodynamic status, despite the use of crystalloids and vasopressors, she finally improved with the administration of high doses of hydrocortisone. The diagnosis of cortisol deficiency of central origin was made with a dynamic insulin test and pituitary nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions: Adrenal crisis should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis in acute episodes with persistent hemodynamic instability and difficult-to-manage hypoglycemia. Additionally, other less common causes of adrenal insufficiency in neonates, such as pituitary hypoplasia, should be considered(AU)

Gravedad de infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas por adenovirus en los años 2015 y 2016 en el hospital de niños Roberto del Rio / Severity of acute lower respiratory infections due to adenovirus in the years 2015 and 2016 at the Roberto del Rio children's hospital

OBJETIVO. Comparar la gravedad de las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas (IRAb) producidas por Adenovirus (ADV) entre los años 2015 y 2016, en el Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río. MÉTODOS. Se identificó a pacientes hospitalizados por IRAb por ADV, y se registró edad, sexo, días de hospitalización, ingreso a unidad de paciente crítico (UPC), necesidad de ventilación mecánica (VM), entre otros. Se comparó la evolución de los pacientes, y se analizó la relación entre gravedad y presencia de infecciones asociadas a atención de salud (IAAS). RESULTADOS. Se identificó 158 pacientes hospitalizados por IRAb por ADV. La relación hombre: mujer fue 6:4, con una edad promedio de 17.4 meses. La media de días de hospitalización fue de 9.88 el 2015 y 16.06 el 2016 (p=0.01). El promedio de días de oxigenoterapia fue de 5.86 el 2015 y 8.76 el 2016. Un 22.8% (n:36) de los pacientes ingresó a UPC, y el 20.25% (n:32) requirió VM. Un 41.8% de los casos (n:66) correspondió a IAAS. 3 pacientes fallecieron. CONCLUSIONES. Durante el 2016 hubo hospitalizaciones más prolongadas en comparación al 2015, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a requerimientos de oxigenoterapia, VM y fallecimiento. La prolongación de la hospitalización se podría asociar a mayor presencia de IAAS.

OBJETIVE. To compare the severity of lower respiratory infections produced by Adenovirus between 2015 and 2016 at the Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río. METHODS. We identified patients hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection for ADV and we recorded age, sex, days of hospitalization, admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), need for mechanical ventilation (MV), among others. The evolution of the patients between the two years were compared. The relationship between severity and the presence of nosocomial infections was also analyzed. RESULTS. We identified 158 hospitalized patients for ADV. The male:female ratio was 6:4, with an average age of 17.4 months. The mean of hospitalization days was 9.88 days in 2015 and 16.06 days in 2016 (p = 0.01). The average number of oxygen therapy days was 5.86 in 2015 and 8.76 in 2016. The 22.8% (n: 36) of cases required admission in the ICU, and 20.25% (n: 32) required MV. The 41.8% (n: 66) of cases corresponded to nosocomial infections. 3 patients died. CONCLUSIONS. During 2016, there were longer hospitalizations for adenovirus infections compared to 2015, without significant differences in relation to oxygen therapy, MV requirements and death. The prolongation of the hospitalization could be associated by the greater presence of nosocomial infections.

Effects of colloid preload on the incidence of hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Hypotension is a common complication caused by spinal anesthesia (SA), which may have adverse impacts on the condition of the parturient and fetus. Liquid infusion was found to be relatively effective for reducing the incidence of hypotension. However, the question of whether colloid preload can optimize hemodynamic variables in the cesarean section remains controversial. This study aims to determine the effects of colloid preload on the incidence of hypotension induced by SA in elective cesarean section.@*METHODS@#Related keywords were searched on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from inception dates to May 2020. Studies included were evaluated for eligibility and quality. The primary outcome was the intra-operative incidence of hypotension and severe hypotension. The secondary outcomes included the lowest intra-operative systolic blood pressure, the maximal intra-operative heart rate, the intra-operative needs of ephedrine and phenylephrine, the incidence of maternal nausea and/or vomiting, and neonatal outcomes (umbilical artery pH and Apgar scores). Apart from the above, RevMan 5.3 was used for the data analysis.@*RESULTS@#Altogether nine randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the incidence of intra-operative hypotension, severe hypotension, or neonatal outcomes between the colloid preload group and control group, except for the umbilical artery pH.@*CONCLUSION@#This meta-analysis suggests that colloid preload does not significantly reduce the incidence of hypotension associated with SA in elective cesarean section.

Comparison of two vasopressor protocols for preventing hypotension post-spinal anesthesia during cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Norepinephrine infusion decreases hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of norepinephrine infusion and ephedrine bolus against post-spinal hypotension in parturients.@*METHODS@#In this double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly allocated to receive norepinephrine infusion (0.05 μg·kg-1·min-1) just before spinal anesthesia continuing for 30 min or ephedrine bolus (0.15 mg/kg) just before spinal anesthesia. A rescue bolus (5 μg norepinephrine for the norepinephrine group, and 5 mg ephedrine for the ephedrine group) was administered whenever hypotension occurred. Our primary outcome was the incidence of hypotension within 30 min of spinal anesthesia administration. Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal outcomes 30 min after spinal block, and neonatal cerebral oxygenation 10 min after birth.@*RESULTS@#In total, 190 patients were enrolled; of these patients, 177 were included in the final analysis. Fewer patients suffered hypotension in the norepinephrine group than in the ephedrine group (29.5% vs. 44.9%, odds ratio [OR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-0.95, P = 0.034). Moreover, the tachycardia frequency was lower in the norepinephrine group than in the ephedrine group (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11-0.44, P < 0.001), and patients suffered less nausea and vomiting (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11-0.70, P = 0.004). There was no difference in Apgar scores and umbilical arterial blood gas analysis between the two groups. However, neonatal cerebral regional saturations were significantly higher after birth in the norepinephrine group than in the ephedrine group (mean difference: 2.0%, 95% CI: 0.55%-3.45%, P = 0.008).@*CONCLUSION@#In patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, norepinephrine infusion compared to ephedrine bolus resulted in less hypotension and tachycardia, and exhibited potential neonatal benefits.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02542748; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02542748.

Trombo serpiginoso em átrio direito: apresentação atípica de tromboembolismo pulmonar. Relato de caso / Serpiginous thrombus in right atrium: atypical presentation of pulmonary thromboembolism. Case report

O tromboembolismo pulmonar é um grave problema de saúde pública devido ao subdiagnóstico e às elevadas morbidade e mortalidade. Quando a embolia pulmonar é maciça com repercussão hemodinâmica importante e a terapia adequada não ocorre nas primeiras horas, a mortalidade é superior a 85%. Na suspeita clínica de tromboembolismo pulmonar, a avaliação ecocardiográfica pode ter papel fundamental na avaliação da mobilidade e da estrutura do ventrículo direito, presença de hipertensão pulmonar e documentação da presença de trombo. A detecção ecocardiográfica de trombo móvel nas câmaras cardíacas direitas permite identificar um grupo de pacientes de alto risco, com mortalidade muito elevada, quando comparada ao tromboembolismo pulmonar em geral. Além da terapia clínica clássica, com heparinas e trombolíticos, as terapêuticas endovascular e cirúrgica devem ser consideradas e podem contribuir para o prognóstico desses pacientes. Relata-se um caso de uma paciente de 33 anos de idade admitida em uma unidade de emergência da no 8o dia de pós-operatório de apendicectomia, com queixas de dor torácica e dispneia de início súbito. Ecocardiograma transtorácico evidenciou presença de trombo serpiginoso solto em átrio direito, que ocluía intermitentemente a valva tricúspide durante o ciclo cardíaco. Diante das características ecocardiográficas atípicas do trombo e da significativa chance de embolização maciça, optou-se por intervenção cirúrgica de emergência.

Pulmonary thromboembolism is a serious public health problem due to misdiagnosis and high morbidity and mortality. When pulmonary embolism is massive with important hemodynamic repercussion, and the appropriate therapy does not take place in the early hours, mortality is higher than 85%. If there is clinical suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism, an echocardiographic evaluation may have a key role in the evaluation of mobility and structure of the right ventricle, presence of pulmonary hypertension, and documentation of the presence of thrombus. Echocardiographic detection of mobile thrombus in right cardiac chambers allows the identification of a group of high-risk patients with very high mortality when compared to pulmonary thromboembolism in general . In addition to the classical clinical therapy with heparins and thrombolytics, endovascular and surgical therapy should be considered and may contribute to these patients' prognosis. A case is reported of a 33-year-old female patient admitted to an Emergency Unit at 8th postoperative day (POD) of appendectomy, with complaints of chest pain and dyspnea of sudden onset. Transthoracic echocardiography showed the presence of a floating serpiginous thrombus in the right atrium, which intermittently occluded the tricuspid valve during the cardiac cycle. Due to the atypical echocardiographic features of the thrombus, and significant chance of massive embolization, an emergency surgery was chosen.

Miocarditis fulminante en adultos por el virus de la influenza B: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Fulminant myocarditis due to the influenza B virus in adults: Report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del miocardio. Las infecciones virales son la causa más común, aunque también puede deberse a reacciones de hipersensibilidad y de etiología autoinmunitaria, entre otras. El espectro clínico de la enfermedad es variado y comprende desde un curso asintomático, seguido de dolor torácico, arritmias y falla cardiaca aguda, hasta un cuadro fulminante. El término 'fulminante' se refiere al desarrollo de un shock cardiogénico con necesidad de soporte vasopresor e inotrópico o dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Cerca del 10 % de los casos de falla cardiaca por miocarditis corresponde a miocarditis fulminante. La miocarditis por influenza se considera una condición infrecuente; no obstante, su incidencia ha aumentado desde el 2009 a raíz de la pandemia de influenza por el virus AH1N1. Por su parte, la miocarditis por influenza de tipo B sigue siendo una condición infrecuente. Se describen aquí dos casos confirmados de miocarditis fulminante por el virus de la influenza B atendidos en un centro cardiovascular, que requirieron dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria mecánica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Viral infections are the most common cause, although it can also be due to hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune etiology, among other causes. The clinical spectrum of the disease is varied, from an asymptomatic course, followed by chest pain, arrhythmias, and acute heart failure, to a fulminant episode. The term fulminant refers to the development of cardiogenic shock with a need for vasopressor support and inotropic or assisted circulation devices either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. About 10% of cases of heart failure due to myocarditis correspond to fulminant myocarditis. Influenza myocarditis has been considered an infrequent condition. However, its incidence has increased since 2009 as a result of the AH1N1 pandemic; otherwise, myocarditis due to the Influenza type B virus remains an infrequent entity. We describe the experience in a cardiovascular center of two confirmed cases of fulminant myocarditis due to influenza B that required circulatory assistance devices.

Are nurses updated on the proper management of patients with sepsis? / ¿Los enfermeros están actualizados para el manejo adecuado del paciente con sepsis? / Os enfermeiros estão atualizados para o manejo adequado do paciente com sepse?

Abstract Objective: To evaluate nurses' knowledge about the definitions of Sepsis-3 and updates to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out from July to August 2018, with 30 nurses from four wards of a large university hospital. For data collection, we created, structured, and validated a questionnaire composed of socio-demographic/occupational data and knowledge test. Results: Only 16.6% of the professionals received in-service training on the subject. There was no implementation of sepsis protocols in the institution, although 96.6% of the participants considered their implementation necessary. Professionals aged ≥35 years old had a higher level of knowledge about the new definition of sepsis (p=0.042). The knowledge about volume resuscitation (p=0.001) and use of vasopressors (p=0.025) was greater in those with ≥10.5 years of experience in the profession. Nurses from the clinical units presented a higher level of knowledge about the organic dysfunctions caused by sepsis (p=0.025). Conclusion and implications for the practice: Nurses do not have satisfactory knowledge for the proper identification, treatment, and clinical management of sepsis. There is a need for greater professional, institutional, and political incentives to implement a permanent education and the sepsis protocol.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de los enfermeros que actúan en enfermerías sobre las definiciones de Sepsis-3 y las actualizaciones de Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado de julio a agosto de 2018 con 30 enfermeros de cuatro enfermerías de un hospital universitario de gran porte. Para la recolección de datos, creamos, estructuramos y validamos una encuesta compuesta de datos sociodemográficos/ocupacionales y tests de conocimiento. Resultados: Solo el 16,6% de los profesionales recibieron capacitación en servicio sobre la temática. En la institución no había protocolo de sepsis implantado, aunque el 96,6% de los participantes consideraron su implantación necesaria. Los profesionales con edad ≥35 años presentaron mayor nivel de conocimiento acerca de la nueva definición de sepsis (p=0,042). El conocimiento sobre la resucitación volémica (p=0,001) y el uso de vasopresores (p=0,025) fue mayor en aquellos con tiempo ≥10,5 años de ejercicio en la profesión. Los enfermeros de las unidades clínicas presentaron un mayor nivel de conocimiento de las disfunciones orgánicas causadas por la sepsis (p=0,025). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: Los enfermeros no presentan un conocimiento satisfactorio para identificar, tratar y administrar clinicamente la sepsis de forma adecuada. Existe la necesidad de mayores incentivos profesionales, institucionales y políticos, con miras a implementar una educación permanente y un protocolo de sepsis.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros que atuam em enfermarias sobre as definições do Sepsis-3 e atualizações da Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Métodos: Estudo descritivo realizado de julho a agosto de 2018 com 30 enfermeiros de quatro enfermarias de um hospital universitário de grande porte. Para coleta de dados, criamos, estruturamos e validamos um questionário composto por dados sociodemográficos/ocupacionais e teste de conhecimento. Resultados: Apenas 16,6% dos profissionais receberam treinamento em serviço sobre o tema. Na instituição não havia protocolo de sepse implantado, embora 96,6% dos participantes tenham considerado sua implantação necessária. Profissionais com idade ≥35 anos apresentaram maior nível de conhecimento acerca da nova definição de sepse (p=0,042). O conhecimento sobre ressuscitação volêmica (p=0,001) e uso de vasopressores (p=0,025) foi maior naqueles com tempo ≥10,5 anos de exercício na profissão. Enfermeiros das unidades clínicas apresentaram maior nível de conhecimento das disfunções orgânicas causada pela sepse (p=0,025). Conclusão e implicações para a prática: Os enfermeiros não apresentam conhecimento satisfatório para identificação, tratamento e gerenciamento clínico da sepse de forma adequada. Existe a necessidade de maiores incentivos profissionais, institucionais e políticos, com vistas às implementações da educação permanente e do protocolo de sepse.

Utilização da vasopressina no tratamento de choque séptico refratário / Use of vasopressin in the treatment of refractory septic shock

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução em curto prazo de pacientes com choque séptico refratário à norepinefrina tratados com vasopressina em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo não comparado (série de casos). Foram coletados dados clínicos, laboratoriais e antropométricos de pacientes que receberam infusão de vasopressina para tratamento de choque refratário a catecolaminas no período de dezembro de 2014 a junho de 2016. Para a avaliação de gravidade, foram utilizados o APACHE II e o SOFA. O desfecho principal foi mortalidade em 3 e em 30 dias. Resultados: Foram incluídos 80 pacientes, sendo 60% do sexo masculino. Em 86,3% dos casos, verificou-se APACHE II nas faixas mais altas (> 20). A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 86,2%, sendo que 75% dos pacientes foram a óbito dentro de 72 horas após início do uso da vasopressina. Conclusão: A série avaliada apresentou alta mortalidade nas primeiras 72 horas de tratamento com vasopressina. O uso de vasopressina em pacientes refratários à norepinefrina teve pouco ou nenhum impacto na mortalidade. Não é possível excluir que a alta mortalidade no presente estudo esteja vinculada ao início relativamente tardio (após estabelecida refratariedade à norepinefrina) da vasopressina, devendo essa hipótese ser melhor avaliada por estudo randomizado.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the short-term evolution of patients with septic shock refractory to norepinephrine treated with vasopressin in an intensive care unit of a university hospital. Methods: An unmatched retrospective study (case series) was performed. Clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric data were collected from patients who received vasopressin infusion for treatment of catecholamine-refractory shock from December 2014 to June 2016. For the assessment of severity, APACHE II and SOFA scores were used. The main outcome was mortality at 3 and 30 days. Results: A total of 80 patients were included, of which 60% were male. In 86.3% of the cases, APACHE II was observed in the highest ranges (> 20). The 30-day mortality was 86.2%, and 75% of the patients died within 72 hours after starting vasopressin. Conclusion: The series evaluated had high mortality in the first 72 hours of treatment with vasopressin. The use of vasopressin in patients who are refractory to norepinephrine had little or no impact on mortality. It was not possible to exclude the possibility that the high mortality in the present study was linked to the relatively late onset (after established refractoriness of norepinephrine) of vasopressin; this hypothesis should be further evaluated in a randomized study.

Vasopresores e inotrópicos: uso en pediatría / Vasopressors and inotropes: use in paediatrics

Resumen: El sistema cardiovascular es un sistema dinámico cuya función es asegurar un adecuado suministro de oxígeno, nutrientes y hormonas a los tejidos, necesarios para el metabolismo celular, además sintetiza y modifican los componentes vasoactivos los cuales regulan el tono vascular y la función miocárdica. Estos componentes vasoactivos son fundamentales en el manejo del paciente pediátrico en estado crítico con falla cardiaca y choque en los cuales se ha comprobado sus efectos benéficos, sin embargo, su uso y abuso trae consigo efectos nocivos, tales como mayor riesgo de arritmias, aumento el consumo miocárdico de oxígeno lo cual podría favorecer la presencia de isquemia. Por lo tanto, es preciso conocer el mecanismo de acción de los distintos tipos de agentes vasoactivos, así como las indicaciones de dichos fármacos para minimizar dichos efectos. El propósito de esta revisión es describir la farmacología y las aplicaciones clínicas de los agentes inotrópicos y Vasopresores en el paciente pediátrico en estado crítico. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog´ıa Ignacio Cha´vez. Publicado por Masson Doyma Me´xico S.A. Este es un art´ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract: The cardiovascular system is a dynamic system, which is required to ensure adequate delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the tissues that are necessary for cell metabolism. It also synthesises and modifies the vasoactive components that regulate vascular tone and myocardial function. These vasoactive components have demonstrated their beneficial effects in the management of paediatric patients in a critical condition with heart failure and shock. However, their use and abuse brings harmful effects, increases mortality, and is associated with arrhythmias. An increase in myocardial oxygen consumption favours the presence of ischaemia, therefore it is necessary to know the mechanism of action and indications of these drugs to minimise their harmful effects. The purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacology and clinical applications of inotropic and vasopressor agents in the paediatric patient in acritical condition. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiologìa Ignacio Chàvez. Published by Masson Doyma Mèxico S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Bradicardia sintomática causada por intoxicação por nicotina / Symptomatic bradycardia due to nicotine intoxication

RESUMO A nicotina é uma substância perigosa, extraída das folhas de fumo. Quando absorvida em quantidade excessiva, ela pode levar à insuficiência respiratória e à parada cardíaca. A comercialização de cigarros eletrônicos (e-cigarros) permite que os usuários manuseiem diretamente o líquido, com consequente aumento do risco de exposição à nicotina líquida. Descrevemos nossa experiência no tratamento do caso de um paciente que ingeriu elevada concentração de nicotina líquida contida em líquido para e-cigarros. O paciente apresentava bradicardia e hipotensão, que são sintomas de estimulação parassimpática, além de comprometimento da consciência. O paciente teve recuperação após tratamento com atropina e vasopressor.

ABSTRACT Nicotine is a dangerous substance extracted from tobacco leaves. When nicotine is absorbed in excessive amounts, it can lead to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. The commercialization of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has allowed users to directly handle e-cigarette liquid. Consequently, the risk of liquid nicotine exposure has increased. We describe our experience of managing the case of a patient who orally ingested a high concentration of liquid nicotine from e-cigarette liquid. The patient presented with bradycardia and hypotension, which are symptoms of parasympathetic stimulation, together with impaired consciousness. He recovered following treatment with atropine and a vasopressor.

Specific questionnaire detects a high incidence of intra-operative hypersensitivity reactions

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of intra-operative immediate hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil, from January to December 2010. We developed a specific questionnaire to be completed by anesthesiologists. This tool included questions about hypersensitivity reactions during anesthesia and provided treatments. We included patients with clinical signs compatible with immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Hhypersensitivity reactions were categorized according to severity (grades I-V). American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA 1-6) was analyzed and associated with the severity of hypersensitivity reactions. RESULTS: In 2010, 21,464 surgeries were performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists answered questionnaires on 5,414 procedures (25.2%). Sixty cases of intra-operative hypersensitivity reactions were reported. The majority patients (45, 75%) had hypersensitivity reactions grade I reactions (incidence of 27.9:10,000). Fifteen patients (25%) had grade II, III or IV reactions (intra-operative anaphylaxis) (incidence of 7:10,000). No patients had grade V reactions. Thirty patients (50%) were classified as ASA 1. The frequency of cardiovascular shock was higher in patients classified as ASA 3 than in patients classified as ASA 1 or ASA 2. Epinephrine was administered in 20% of patients with grade III hypersensitivity reactions and in 50% of patients with grade II hypersensitivity reactions. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients had hypersensitivity reactions grade I reactions; however, the incidence of intra-operative anaphylaxis was higher than that previously reported in the literature. Patients with ASA 3 had more severe anaphylaxis; however, the use of epinephrine was not prescribed in all of these cases. Allergists and anesthesiologists should implement preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of anaphylaxis.

Validation of an instrument regarding nursing intervention in patients in vasoactive therapy / Validación de instrumentos para intervención de la enfermería en el paciente pasando por terapia vasoactiva / Validação de instrumento para intervenção de enfermagem ao paciente em terapia vasoativa

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate the content of a Standard Operational Procedure, regarding nursing interventions in emergency patients treated with vasoactive drugs. Method: methodological study, carried out from December 2015 to January 2016. Content validity was determined by 16 experts (13 nurses, 2 pharmacists and one biomedical scientist), who judged it through a four-point Likert scale. The items were evaluated in terms of: feasibility, objectivity, simplicity, clearness, pertinence and accuracy. The Content Validity Index was applied, accepting the value ≥ 0.90. Results: two rounds of evaluation were required to achieve the minimum index. The items were reviewed regarding writing, dilution, indication and replacement interval. The instrument was validated with 33 items and with total Content Validity Index of 0.99. Conclusion: the instrument was considered appropriate, fractionally and globally, for nursing care for the patient treated with vasoactive drugs in emergency, in a safe and reliable way.

RESUMEN Objetivo: validar el contenido del Procedimiento Operacional Estándar para la intervención de la enfermería en el paciente que usa fármacos vasoactivos en la emergencia. Método: estudio metodológico, realizado entre diciembre de 2015 y enero de 2016. La validación del contenido fue determinada mediante la escala tipo Likert de cuatro puntos por 16 jueces, de los cuales 13 eran enfermeros, dos farmacéuticos y uno biomédico. Los apartados se clasificaron en: ejecutabilidad, objetividad, simplicidad, claridad, pertinencia y precisión. Se aplicó el Índice de Validez de Contenido con la aceptación del valor ≥ 0,90. Resultados: se necesitaron dos rondas de validación para alcanzar el índice. Los apartados se alteraron en la redacción, la dilución, la indicación y el intervalo de cambio. El instrumento se validó con 33 tópicos y con Índice de Validez del Contenido total de 0,99. Conclusión: los resultados se consideran adecuados separadamente, y de manera global, para que el enfermero cuide del paciente usuario de fármacos vasoactivos de forma segura y confiable en la emergencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: validar o conteúdo do Procedimento Operacional Padrão, para intervenção de enfermagem ao paciente em uso de fármacos vasoativos na emergência. Método: estudo metodológico, realizado de dezembro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. A validação de conteúdo deu-se por 16 juízes, sendo 13 enfermeiros, dois farmacêuticos e um biomédico, que o julgaram por meio da escala tipo Likert de quatro pontos. Os itens foram avaliados em: exequibilidade, objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, pertinência e precisão. Aplicou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, aceitando-se o valor ≥ 0,90. Resultados: foram necessárias duas rodadas de validação para atingir o índice. Os itens foram alterados: na redação, diluição, indicação, intervalo de troca. O instrumento foi validado com 33 itens e com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo total de 0,99. Conclusão: considerou-se adequado, separadamente, e de maneira global, para que o enfermeiro possa cuidar do paciente em uso de fármacos vasoativos na emergência, de forma segura e confiável.